Heaven was split and Hell was formed by self centeredness and pride.
July 22, 2007
i have received my gre srores 1110/1600 ….quants 780/800 and vocab 330/800 …..not bad ..ok scores….since most of the top universities stress on the quants score..any thing above 750 is good…..so iam satisfied with my quants score…and my TOEFL score is 85/120 …..79 is the cut off for the most universities…
and i have applied to 4 universities as of now..thhey are
1.univ of southern California
2.univ of Texas at Austin
3.univ of Texas at Dallas
4.univ of Kentucky at Lexington
all these universites are among the top 60 in the U.S…..so i am eagerly waiting for the I20 s .
September 23, 2006
Computer Joke
Customer: I don’t have a ‘7′ key.
Support: It’s between the ‘6′ and ‘8′ key.
Customer: I don’t have a ‘7′ key.
Support: Do you see the ‘1′ key?
Customer: Yes.
Support: What’s to the right of that?
Customer: ‘2′
Support: And further right?
Customer: ‘3′, ‘4′, ‘5′, ‘6′
Support: What’s the next key?
Customer: ‘8′
Support: It should be to the left of the ‘8′
Customer: Oh, that ‘7′ key?
September 2, 2006
Some of the more frequently used Shell commands organized by name so you can easily find a command, their description and how to use it.
This guide will continue to be updated and should not be considered a complete list of linux shell commands, but commands, we found, often used.
Common Linux Shell Commands:
ls : list files/directories in a directory, comparable to dir in windows/dos.
ls -al :[/b] shows all files (including ones that start with a period), directories, and details attributes for each file.
cd : change directory · · cd /usr/local/apache : go to /usr/local/apache/ directory
cd ~ : go to your home directory
cd – : go to the last directory you were in
cd .. : go up a directory cat : print file contents to the screen
cat filename.txt : cat the contents of filename.txt to your screen
tail : like cat, but only reads the end of the file
tail /var/log/messages : see the last 20 (by default) lines of /var/log/messages
tail -f /var/log/messages : watch the file continuously, while it’s being updated
tail -200 /var/log/messages : print the last 200 lines of the file to the screen
more : like cat, but opens the file one screen at a time rather than all at once
more /etc/userdomains : browse through the userdomains file. hit Spaceto go to the next page, q to quit
pico : friendly, easy to use file editor
pico /home/burst/public_html/index.html : edit the index page for the user’s website.
vi : another editor, tons of features, harder to use at first than pico
vi /home/burst/public_html/index.html : edit the index page for the user’s website.
grep : looks for patterns in files
grep root /etc/passwd : shows all matches of root in /etc/passwd
grep -v root /etc/passwd : shows all lines that do not match root
touch : create an empty file
touch /home/burst/public_html/404.html : create an empty file called 404.html in the directory /home/burst/public_html/
ln : create’s “links” between files and directories
ln -s /usr/local/apache/conf/httpd.conf /etc/httpd.conf : Now you can edit /etc/httpd.conf rather than the original. changes will affect the orginal, however you can delete the link and it will not delete the original.
rm : delete a file
rm filename.txt : deletes filename.txt, will more than likely ask if you really want to delete it
rm -f filename.txt : deletes filename.txt, will not ask for confirmation before deleting.
rm -rf tmp/ : recursively deletes the directory tmp, and all files in it, including subdirectories. BE VERY CAREFULL WITH THIS COMMAND!!!
last : shows who logged in and when
last -20 : shows only the last 20 logins
last -20 -a : shows last 20 logins, with the hostname in the last field
w : shows who is currently logged in and where they are logged in from.
netstat : shows all current network connections.
netstat -an : shows all connections to the server, the source and destination ips and ports.
netstat -rn : shows routing table for all ips bound to the server.
top : shows live system processes in a nice table, memory information, uptime and other useful info. This is excellent for managing your system processes, resources and ensure everything is working fine and your server isn’t bogged down.
top then type Shift + M to sort by memory usage or Shift + P to sort by CPU usage
ps: ps is short for process status, which is similar to the top command. It’s used to show currently running processes and their PID.
A process ID is a unique number that identifies a process, with that you can kill or terminate a running program on your server (see kill command).
ps U username : shows processes for a certain user
ps aux : shows all system processes
ps aux –forest : shows all system processes like the above but organizes in a hierarchy that’s very useful!
file : attempts to guess what type of file a file is by looking at it’s content.
file * : prints out a list of all files/directories in a directory
du : shows disk usage.
du -sh : shows a summary, in human-readble form, of total disk space used in the current directory, including subdirectories.
du -sh * : same thing, but for each file and directory. helpful when finding large files taking up space.
wc : word count
wc -l filename.txt : tells how many lines are in filename.txt
cp : copy a file
cp filename filename.backup : copies filename to filename.backup
cp -a /home/burst/new_design/* /home/burst/public_html/ : copies all files, retaining permissions form one directory to another.
kill: terminate a system process
kill -9 PID EG: kill -9 431
kill PID EG: kill 10550
Use top or ps ux to get system PIDs (Process IDs)
EG:
PID TTY TIME COMMAND
10550 pts/3 0:01 /bin/csh
10574 pts/4 0:02 /bin/csh
10590 pts/4 0:09 APP
Each line represents one process, with a process being loosely defined as a running instance of a program. The column headed PID (process ID) shows the assigned process numbers of the processes. The heading COMMAND shows the location of the executed process.
Putting commands together
Often you will find you need to use different commands on the same line. Here are some examples. Note that the | character is called a pipe, it takes date from one program and pipes it to another.
> means create a new file, overwriting any content already there.
>> means tp append data to a file, creating a newone if it doesn not already exist.
< send input from a file back into a command.
Quote
grep User /usr/local/apache/conf/httpd.conf |more
This will dump all lines that match User from the httpd.conf, then print the results to your screen one page at a time.
Quote
last -a > /root/lastlogins.tmp
This will print all the current login history to a file called lastlogins.tmp in /root/
Quote
tail -10000 /var/log/exim_mainlog |grep domain.com |more
This will grab the last 10,000 lines from /var/log/exim_mainlog, find all occurances of domain.com (the period represents ‘anything’, — comment it out with a so it will be interpretted literally), then send it to your screen page by page.
Quote
netstat -an |grep :80 |wc -l
Show how many active connections there are to apache (httpd runs on port 80)
Quote
mysqladmin processlist |wc -l
Show how many current open connections there are to mysql
September 2, 2006
If you are trying to find a program, log into the shell.
Type the command:
# whereis <program>
where ‘program’ is the program you are looking for, will show you one or more possibilities for what you are looking for.
If you have more than one copy of a program, say one in /usr/bin and another in /usr/local/bin/ ,
typing “which program” will show you which one will be called first.
If you can’t find it at all, type command:
# locate <program>
will show you everyfile that matches “program”.
Some of the most common programs :
• /usr/sbin/sendmail
• /usr/bin/perl
• /bin/mail
• /usr/bin/php
Default locations for most commonly used configuration files and important directories:
Exim
• /etc/exim.conf
• /var/log/exim_mainlog
• /var/log/exim_rejectlog
• /etc/valiases/
• /etc/vfilters/
• /home/username/.forward
MySQL
• /root/.my.cnf
• /etc/my.cnf
• /var/lib/mysql/
Apache
• /usr/local/apache/conf/httpd.conf
• /usr/local/apache/domlogs/
System
• /var/log/messages
• /var/log/dmesg
Proftpd
• /etc/proftpd.conf
• /var/log/xferlog
• /etc/proftpd/
sshd
• /etc/ssh/sshd_config
September 2, 2006
ya starting from the scratch..bcoz i begin learning C from basics….ya it is late to realise that iknow very less in C…
started reading THE PROGRAMMING IN C(ANSI C)…from the inventors of C DENNIS M.RITCHIE & BRIAN W.KERNIGHAN…
they really define the programming style..i am in love with this book…trying out each and every egample…having a graet joy in studying this book…
according to the authors THE ONLY WAY TO LEARN A NEW PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE IS BY WRITING PROGRAMS IN IT. THE FIRST PROGRAM TO WRITE IS THE SAME FOR ALL LANGUAGES:
HELLO, WORLD
August 30, 2006
Web Services can convert your applications into Web-applications.
By using Web services, your application can publish its function or message to the rest of the world.
Web Services can be used by other applications.
With Web services your accounting department’s Win 2k servers can connect with your IT supplier’s UNIX server.
The basic Web Services platform is XML + HTTP.
Web services uses XML to code and decode your data and SOAP to transport it.
Learn how to create Web Services from an ASP.NET application.
This tutorial converts an ASP.NET application to a Web Service.
a lot more information is available online. one good website for webservices is:http://www.w3schools.com/webservices/default.asp
text books r good…but, it is very boreing to read for hours…so, keep learning this way
August 14, 2006
well i am busy with my red hat classesw from 4:30 p.m to 6:30 p.m(from monday to thursday) and 2 full saturdays(10 to 4p.m)….linux is a ocean …..known is little, unkown is LINUX…yes, it is true..i am trying harder and smarter to accomplish the task…by the end of this course i have to take an exam(its’s costas around(12k/-) pretty huge amount ….so, i have to be serious…i am looking forward for a good linux based projects for my final year projects….some application development projects…i am trying through every means …project we(ebby,dinesh,charles,myself) are going do as a team…if any one has got an idea regarding the projects and companies…please let me know..
August 7, 2006
well this my first blog… today i learned about booting linux system without root privilages..it was ver thrilling experience…here r the details:-
1.when grub loader’ is booted go to linux label in main boot screen type e i.e.,edit
2.then u will see a hidden menu,there u find 3 labels , go to second label which stands for kernel ,press e and press enter, type 1 in the label and then press b.. by doing so u will be booting the system in single user mode….
3.in this step once the system boots up u will find shell promt there u give passwd it will ask for a new password and confirm it by retyping…then reboot the system using using init 6 (for rebooting)..
and target achieved…
August 7, 2006
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