and i have applied to 4 universities as of now..thhey are

1.univ of southern California

2.univ of Texas at Austin

3.univ of Texas at Dallas

4.univ of Kentucky at Lexington

all these universites are among the top 60 in the U.S…..so i am eagerly waiting for the I20 s .

Customer: I don’t have a ’7′ key.
Support: It’s between the ’6′ and ’8′ key.
Customer: I don’t have a ’7′ key.
Support: Do you see the ’1′ key?
Customer: Yes.
Support: What’s to the right of that?
Customer: ’2′
Support: And further right?
Customer: ’3′, ’4′, ’5′, ’6′
Support: What’s the next key?
Customer: ’8′
Support: It should be to the left of the ’8′
Customer: Oh, that ’7′ key?

This guide will continue to be updated and should not be considered a complete list of linux shell commands, but commands, we found, often used.

Common Linux Shell Commands:

ls : list files/directories in a directory, comparable to dir in windows/dos.
ls -al :[/b] shows all files (including ones that start with a period), directories, and details attributes for each file.

cd : change directory · · cd /usr/local/apache : go to /usr/local/apache/ directory
cd ~ : go to your home directory
cd – : go to the last directory you were in
cd .. : go up a directory cat : print file contents to the screen

cat filename.txt : cat the contents of filename.txt to your screen

tail : like cat, but only reads the end of the file
tail /var/log/messages : see the last 20 (by default) lines of /var/log/messages
tail -f /var/log/messages : watch the file continuously, while it’s being updated
tail -200 /var/log/messages : print the last 200 lines of the file to the screen

more : like cat, but opens the file one screen at a time rather than all at once
more /etc/userdomains : browse through the userdomains file. hit Spaceto go to the next page, q to quit

pico : friendly, easy to use file editor
pico /home/burst/public_html/index.html : edit the index page for the user’s website.

vi : another editor, tons of features, harder to use at first than pico
vi /home/burst/public_html/index.html : edit the index page for the user’s website.

grep : looks for patterns in files
grep root /etc/passwd : shows all matches of root in /etc/passwd
grep -v root /etc/passwd : shows all lines that do not match root

touch : create an empty file
touch /home/burst/public_html/404.html : create an empty file called 404.html in the directory /home/burst/public_html/

ln : create’s “links” between files and directories
ln -s /usr/local/apache/conf/httpd.conf /etc/httpd.conf : Now you can edit /etc/httpd.conf rather than the original. changes will affect the orginal, however you can delete the link and it will not delete the original.

rm : delete a file
rm filename.txt : deletes filename.txt, will more than likely ask if you really want to delete it
rm -f filename.txt : deletes filename.txt, will not ask for confirmation before deleting.
rm -rf tmp/ : recursively deletes the directory tmp, and all files in it, including subdirectories. BE VERY CAREFULL WITH THIS COMMAND!!!

last : shows who logged in and when
last -20 : shows only the last 20 logins
last -20 -a : shows last 20 logins, with the hostname in the last field

w : shows who is currently logged in and where they are logged in from.

netstat : shows all current network connections.
netstat -an : shows all connections to the server, the source and destination ips and ports.
netstat -rn : shows routing table for all ips bound to the server.

top : shows live system processes in a nice table, memory information, uptime and other useful info. This is excellent for managing your system processes, resources and ensure everything is working fine and your server isn’t bogged down.
top then type Shift + M to sort by memory usage or Shift + P to sort by CPU usage

ps: ps is short for process status, which is similar to the top command. It’s used to show currently running processes and their PID.
A process ID is a unique number that identifies a process, with that you can kill or terminate a running program on your server (see kill command).
ps U username : shows processes for a certain user
ps aux : shows all system processes
ps aux –forest : shows all system processes like the above but organizes in a hierarchy that’s very useful!

file : attempts to guess what type of file a file is by looking at it’s content.
file * : prints out a list of all files/directories in a directory

du : shows disk usage.
du -sh : shows a summary, in human-readble form, of total disk space used in the current directory, including subdirectories.
du -sh * : same thing, but for each file and directory. helpful when finding large files taking up space.

wc : word count
wc -l filename.txt : tells how many lines are in filename.txt

cp : copy a file
cp filename filename.backup : copies filename to filename.backup
cp -a /home/burst/new_design/* /home/burst/public_html/ : copies all files, retaining permissions form one directory to another.

kill: terminate a system process
kill -9 PID EG: kill -9 431
kill PID EG: kill 10550
Use top or ps ux to get system PIDs (Process IDs)

EG:
PID TTY TIME COMMAND
10550 pts/3 0:01 /bin/csh

10574 pts/4 0:02 /bin/csh

10590 pts/4 0:09 APP

Each line represents one process, with a process being loosely defined as a running instance of a program. The column headed PID (process ID) shows the assigned process numbers of the processes. The heading COMMAND shows the location of the executed process.

Putting commands together

Often you will find you need to use different commands on the same line. Here are some examples. Note that the | character is called a pipe, it takes date from one program and pipes it to another.

> means create a new file, overwriting any content already there.
>> means tp append data to a file, creating a newone if it doesn not already exist.
< send input from a file back into a command.

Quote

grep User /usr/local/apache/conf/httpd.conf |more

This will dump all lines that match User from the httpd.conf, then print the results to your screen one page at a time.

Quote

last -a > /root/lastlogins.tmp

This will print all the current login history to a file called lastlogins.tmp in /root/

Quote

tail -10000 /var/log/exim_mainlog |grep domain.com |more

This will grab the last 10,000 lines from /var/log/exim_mainlog, find all occurances of domain.com (the period represents ‘anything’,  — comment it out with a so it will be interpretted literally), then send it to your screen page by page.

Quote

netstat -an |grep :80 |wc -l

Show how many active connections there are to apache (httpd runs on port 80)

Quote

mysqladmin processlist |wc -l

Show how many current open connections there are to mysql

If you are trying to find a program, log into the shell.

Type the command:

# whereis <program>

where ‘program’ is the program you are looking for, will show you one or more possibilities for what you are looking for.

If you have more than one copy of a program, say one in /usr/bin and another in /usr/local/bin/ ,

typing “which program” will show you which one will be called first.

If you can’t find it at all, type command:

# locate <program>

will show you everyfile that matches “program”.

Some of the most common programs :
• /usr/sbin/sendmail
• /usr/bin/perl
• /bin/mail
• /usr/bin/php

Default locations for most commonly used configuration files and important directories:

Exim

• /etc/exim.conf
• /var/log/exim_mainlog
• /var/log/exim_rejectlog
• /etc/valiases/
• /etc/vfilters/
• /home/username/.forward

MySQL

• /root/.my.cnf
• /etc/my.cnf
• /var/lib/mysql/

Apache
• /usr/local/apache/conf/httpd.conf
• /usr/local/apache/domlogs/

System
• /var/log/messages
• /var/log/dmesg

Proftpd
• /etc/proftpd.conf
• /var/log/xferlog
• /etc/proftpd/

sshd
• /etc/ssh/sshd_config

HELLO, WORLD

Web Services can be used by other applications.
With Web services your accounting department’s Win 2k servers can connect with your IT supplier’s UNIX server.

The basic Web Services platform is XML + HTTP.
Web services uses XML to code and decode your data and SOAP to transport it.

Learn how to create Web Services from an ASP.NET application.
This tutorial converts an ASP.NET application to a Web Service.

a lot more information is available online. one good website for webservices is:http://www.w3schools.com/webservices/default.asp
text books r good…but, it is very boreing to read for hours…so, keep learning this way

1.when grub loader’ is booted go to linux label in main boot screen type e i.e.,edit

2.then u will see a hidden menu,there u find 3 labels , go to second label which stands for kernel ,press e and press enter, type 1 in the label and then press b.. by doing so u will be booting the system in single user mode….

3.in this step once the system boots up u will find shell promt there u give passwd it will ask for a new password and confirm it by retyping…then reboot the system using using init 6 (for rebooting)..

and target achieved…